Religious Beliefs

                                                             Sedef Iz

Who was the God Osiris and what did he do?

• Osiris of the underworld, ruler of the dead
• Assisted by other Gods
• The greatest God ever
• Determined fate of the dead people
• Grants everlasting afterlife if heart equals to an ostrich feather in weight

What different parts do some of the Gods have instead of human and what they do?

• Anubis had the head of a Jackal but a body of a human
• Anubis was believed to prepare dead bodies of the afterlife
• Thoth had the head of an Ibis and a human body
• Thoth was the God of writing and knowledge
• Horus had a human body and a falcon head
• Horus was the God of the sky

How come only certain people were able to visit the Gods temples?

• Gods lived their
• Only during few selected occasions people were able to see the outside
• God statues are brought to be seen by every on holidays
• Smaller temples are made for the commoners

Where did Egyptian commoners put the offerings?

• Commoners gave land, food, and care to the gods in a certain place in their house
• In an offering holder
• For return of their offerings they prayed for the gods protection
• They honored gods for, having children, and keeping spirits away

Picture Credits:

• http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/moses1.jpg

• http://automaticfreeweb.com/wp-content/uploads/osiris.jpg

 Ancient Egyptian houses

Matthew Stone

                      what were Ancient Egyptians cities like

. Most of the cities had houses close together       

. They would have big important people’s houses in different cities and small houses in other cities

. Sometimes the bi houses would have small houses wedged in between them

. Most all of the houses were in the Nile valley so that they would not be in the middle of the desert and could get water

. The villages also weren’t too close to the water so that the indentation would not destroy them

what was a normal ancient Egyptian house

. Some of the richer houses had plaster and paint covering the mud bricks

. The temples and tombs were built from stone

. The mud bricks were made by the workers that dug it up from the Nile valley

. Then they would shape the Nile mud and dry it in the sun

what type of furniture and house supplies did they have

.The rich houses had a lot of furniture the poor had dual houses

.The rich houses would sometimes have a pool, kitchen, or a second floor

.They had pots, stools, tables, and beds

. The furniture would differ a lot between the lower class and upper class

.   The lower class had one bathroom the upper had multiple seated bathrooms

Web resources

[Image] http://www.ask-aladdin.com/ancient-egypt/houses-ancient-egypt.htmll9/16/15.web.

[Image]http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collections-research/collections/topics/ancient-egypt-at-auckland-museum.9/16/15.web.

Daily Life-Arts and Trades

Jack Perez

Arts

• Used simple tools to produce a variety of crafts.
• Could make amulets that were 3cm long and very detailed.
• Could make detailed coffin for the pharaoh.
• Craftspeople worked as/made figurines, paintings, statues made of bronze, glass, and clay, sandal makers, stone carvers, leather workers, highly finished furniture, jewelry made of gold and stones, metalworkers, sculptors, weavers, carpenters, jewelers, potters, and painters.

Social Life as Craftsmen

• Went to school at pharaoh’s palace along with royal children.
• Many craftsmen were taught about making crafts very young.
• Were respected as craftsmen (masters had high status in society).
• Craftsmen lived much better than the ordinary members of the lower classes.

Trade

• Cities around the Nile River were the main trade centers to go to.
• All trade was controlled by the pharaoh.
• People traded goods like grain, gold, copper, linen, gemstones, and different minerals in exchange for other goods they lacked like timber, iron, silver, tin, and lead.
• Things were not bought with currency or coins, but with trading goods with different people.

Work

• Craftsmen worked mostly for pharaohs, wealthy families, and temples.
• Were well paid in food by their employers.
• Craftsmen were highly skilled in what they did.

Citation:

André Dollinger.AncientEgypt-Reshafim.www.reshafim.org.9-16-15.Web.

(Image).www.akhet.co.uk.9/16/15.Web.

(Image). www.reshafim.org.9/16/15.Web.

Housing

By:   Travis Kimball

1.  How did Egyptians live in the valley of the Nile?

Wedged everything together even rich and poor people houses

Royal /Government officials lived in larger cities

2. How did the Egyptians use mud bricks?

Lower class houses make out of only mud brick Upper class houses were plastered and painted but still with mud bricks

Laborers shaped mud into rectangular wooden molds and were left to bake in the sun

Kept out intense heat of the sun

Were built facing north to allow wind to come through the house

3. What are the differences between the housing of the rich and poor?

Lower Class:

Few rooms that are narrow Low ceilings

Few tables and a bed

Sat on mats or cushions

Upper class:

Bigger and Fancier

Had Bathrooms

Built around a central Courtyard

Had stools tables chests pot lamps

Image sources

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/KhM/Schauraum1.jpg

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/KMKG-MRAH/BrE.6406%281%29.jpg

Social Classes

Casey Powell

What are the social classes and how are they organized?

• The social classes were set up in shape of pyramid
• The pharaoh was at the top of the pyramid, then came royal family, nobles, and government
• Third from top priests and priestesses, after them came scribes
• Next came artists and skilled workers, and lastly came the laborers

Why was the pharaoh the most powerful person in all of Ancient Egypt and how did he keep his power?

• The pharaoh owned all of the land and had all of the control
• The way the pharaoh kept the people happy was by providing land
• Even though he was powerful he needed help of nobles, military advisors, priests, and a bureaucracy and a vizier

Why were scribes more powerful than artists and laborers?

• Scribes had to attend school for long time and it was difficult to learn the hieroglyphs
• They recorded important events and sometimes wrote books for rich people
• Becoming a scribe is a way a person might become wealthy

What did the artists make and what was their place in the society?

• Furniture, jewelry, and cloth
• Not largest class
• Second from bottom of pyramid

Why were the laborers important to the Egyptians?

• The laborers farmed crops
• During the inundation, which is the annual flooding of the Nile, laborers worked on buildings such as pyramids
• Were also needed to build structures such as pyramids

Picture Citations

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/KMKG-MRAH/BrE.0586%281%29. 9/16/15. Web

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/amarna_letters.html. 9/16/15. Web

Housing                                                                                                                                Jordan Miller

What did they make the houses out of?

• The Ancient Egyptians used mud bricks for both upper and lower class Egyptians.
• Mud bricks were made out of mud from the Nile.
• Mud brick houses were not as strong or long lasting as stone structures, but they kept out the strong heat from the hot sun.

Why were houses built to the North?

• There is wind going from the North
•  Air Circulates through the building
• Allows  steady wind to enter
• Kept intense heat out

What types of furniture did they use in Ancient Egypt?

• Rich People had bathrooms (Stone slab for bathing and a stone toilet seat)
• Richer people had bigger homes with gardens and a tree shaded pool.
• Upper class had more furniture than lower class
• They had stools, tables and more

Image Sources:

{Image} http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/lifeas/craftsman.html  September 16, Web

{Image} http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=1769   September 16, Web

Warfare

Hagan Aderhold

1. How was the Egyptians military organized?

– Divisions 5000 men

– Companies 200 men.

 – Captain led companies.

 – Generals led the divisions.

– Sometimes the army had mercenaries (Soldiers from other lands paid to fight for Egypt).

2. What tools did the Egyptian soldiers use for protection and combat?         –

– Javelins (Used by foot soldiers).

– Daggers

– Short or curved swords

– Shields made of rawhide.

 – Headgear with padded caps.

– Some soldiers used chariots which had archers firing at the enemy.

• What did soldiers do when they were outside of the military?

• They might dig irrigation canals.
• Carry stone from the desert to build a pharaoh’s tomb.

[Image]Chhttp://wwwtc.pbs.org/empires/egypt/_graphics/pics/vl_soldiers.jpgariot Image. September 16.Web.

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/soldiers_tomb.html. September 16.Web.

Burial Practices

Ijeoma Modilim

Paragraph 1: What process did the Egyptians create to preserve the dead body so it wouldn’t decay?

1. Embalming

Paragraph 2 _{question 1}: What was the only inner organ the priest left inside the body?

1. The heart

Paragraph 2 _{question 2}: What is natron?

1. Type of salt
2. Used to dry up dead body

Paragraph 3: What is the large stone container that a Pharaoh’s coffin is stored in called?

1. Sarcophagus
2. Many people had goods put into their coffins
3. It was to help their ka have good afterlife

________________________________________________________

The Embalming

1) Take out the inner organs except for the heart

2) Remove the brain by hooking it through the nostrils

3) Put the body in wooden boxes and put natron on it

4) Wait 40 days

5) Wash it, oil it, and wrap body in several hundred yards of fabric

6) Spread black gooey substance called momia

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/nef_tomb_crafts.html. September 16, 2015.Web.  

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/amenhotep_mourned2.html. September 16, 2015. Web.

Medicine

Lawson Wheeler

Who were the Ancient Egyptians that studied medicine for a hundred years?

• People that studied in special training
• Humans that attended special school
• People that learned about diseases and how to cure them
• People that understood organs of the body
• Training doctors that used human pulses to rate healthiness
• Why did the Ancient Egyptians believe in magic and medicine to treat health problems?
• They thought worms caused diseases or sicknesses
• Thought that magic and spells could heal them
• Doctors had prescriptions—used plants to treat them—for eye problems, tumors, or snake bites–Magicians used magic spells
• Used bandages and stiches, didn’t perform surgery
• Why did the Ancient Egyptians rely on magic and help from the gods more than medicine?
• Gods were called upon to bear children safety
• Prayers, charms, and spells—protected mothers during pregnancy
• Protected babies from childhood diseases and dangers
• Relied on magic and spells for all circumstances of childbirth
• [Image] http://www.tnnegypt.com/medicine-mixed-magic-remedy-ancient-egyptians/ . September 16, 2015. Web
• [Image]  Webhttps://courses.cit.cornell.edu/nes263/student2007/psg7/page5.html . September 16, 2015. Web

Burial Practices
Bella Nesbeth

What is the Afterlife?
• The Afterlife was were ancient Egyptians believed a person would go
When they died.
• To go to the afterlife a person’s body cannot decay
• In the afterlife a person will live the same life as they did alive

How is the brain removed from the body?
• To remove the brain from the body ancient Egyptians used hooks to Pull out the brain out through the nose.
• Metal hooks were used for the job

Where were the ancient Egyptian buried?
~Pharaohs were buried in pyramids and secret tomb~Poor people were Wrapped in old clothing and placed in sand

~Rich people were placed in wooden boxes, had a bland funeral and then were placed in the sand.

Image sources:

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/amenhotep_mourned2.html. 9/16.web
[Image]http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=115.9/16.web

Religious Beliefs

Aryan Nair

Who was the god of the Judgement Hall of Osiris, and what did they do there?

• Osiris was the god of the Judgement Hall of Osiris
• Osiris and a group of gods decided if a person would have an afterlife.
• They weighed heart against an ostrich feather, if it didn’t balance out they would give the heart to a monster.

Who were some gods who had an animal head and a human body?

Anubis had head of a jackal and the body of a human and he was the god of Necropolis

• Horus was the god of the sky and he has the head of an eagle.
• Hathor was the god looked over women and children and has the head of a cow and body of a human.
• Thoth was god of writing and wisdom, he had head of ibis (bird) and human bodyWho could enter the temples of the gods?

• Only Priests and Priestesses could enter temples
• Temples home of god so nobody allowed except for the priests/priestesses
• Priests and Priestesses make offerings and other religious ceremonies
• Egyptians only saw statue of god on special occasions
• Small structures built for prayer of EgyptiansWhy would people make homages for gods?

• So that a family can please the god and then ask him for something that they need.
•  So that normal families can make offerings to god   [Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/ram_abusimpel.html
• [Image] http://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/ancient/enlarge/anubis-mural.html

Religious beliefs

Michael LaSasso

How do the gods create and rule the world?

• The Egyptians believed that the gods created and rule the world
• Some gods are more important than others
• Each god serves a particular purpose or need the keep the world in balance
• Osiris, god of the dead, feeds hearts of deceased people that weigh more than an Ostrich feather to the monstrous Swallower.

How does each gods get a certain animal head?

• Gods get their head by what they do in their life
• Example Anubis has the head of a jackal because he is the god of necropolis which is represented by a jackal or the undead.
• Horus the god of the sky had a head of a falcon because they fly.

Does each  temple only allow certain people to enter the temple?

• There are festivals to celebrate gods
• On select occasions gods do not allow everybody in their temple, but usually they let everybody in
• However there are small structures outside of the main temple area made for the common people.

What did commoners pay to let their gods and goddesses in their home?

• Made offerings of food to the gods in their house
• In return the gods protect them
• The people asked the gods for kids
• As well to keep the bad spirits away

Image Sources

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/soldiers_frieze.html.9/16/15.Web

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/ram_abusimpel.html. 9/16/15.Web

Food and Drink

Cheryl Chang

When and how did the farmers farm?

• 90%+ of the Egyptians spent most of their time farming
• In November when the flooding subsided the farmers sow the fields usually in pairs
• One farmer would scatter wheat or barley seeds as the other was behind with cattle drawing a plow
• The crops were harvested in the summer with wooden sickles (a metal blade with a short wooden handle)
• All of the farmers’ family has to help harvest the crops, including children

What did farmers grow for food and what meats did they eat and hunt?

• Two important crops are wheat and barley because they were used to produce bread and beer, the most common food items
• They also grew veggies such as onions, radishes, peas, beans, cucumbers, and lettuce.
• For meat, Egyptians raised cattle, hunted geese, ducks, cranes, and other wildfowl.
• Cow milk was either a drink or made into cheese.
• Eating pork was forbidden and certain types of fish were considered sacred, but people ate them anyway

What did the different classes eat?

• Lower class ate simple meals
• Laborer’s meal include veggies, fish, bread, and water or beer to drink
• Upper class ate wide variety of food
• Upper class banquet might consist of fish, pigeon stew, kidneys, quail, ribs of beef, bread rolls, small round cakes, some cherry-like fruit, stewed figs, cheese, and wine and beer to drink
• [Image.]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/food.htm. September 16, 2015. Web.
• [Image.]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/index.html.September 16, 2015. Web.

Domestic Life

Alyssa Zolfo

P1.What did Egyptians do for Marriage?

• Strong sense of family and often married within the family or social class.
• A marriage was not a formal legal or religious ceremony.
• A marriage started when the man and women set up a household together.
• Divorce happened when people separated after being together for a while.
• After a divorce, the couples were allowed to re-marry.
• P2.In Egypt, what was the women’s role in a Family?
  • A women’s social position depended on her father/husbands social status.
  • Women in upper class had different lives than the women in lower class.
  • Women of nobility/important officials, rise kids, household, servants.
  • Upper lass did little or no manual work.
  • Women- lower classes raise kids,cook, clean, and make clothes, work in field
  • P3.Did Women have the same rights as men in Egypt?
    • Women had individual rights.
    • Could own/rent properties.
    • Share equally in inheritance by father/husband.
    • In laws, women were equal to men.
    • Entitled to bring charges and court.
    • Were in charge of own actions/had to answer in court.
    • P4.What did Children do in Egypt
    • Married at young age. 12 –girls   15 – boy
    • Kids who didn’t attend school took part in daily activities.
    • Kid’s play leapfrog, tug of war, and board game called senate.
    • Children also played with balls, toy animals, and dolls.
    • Boys pretended to be soldiers.
    • Girls played games involving dancing.
    • Egypt kids died before 5 years old.
    • Kids were accepted as full members of society, when reached puberty.

IMAGES

[image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/utensils/index.html.september12,2015.Web

[image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/games.htm.september12,2015.Web

Adorning the Body

Charlotte Hook

What were the clothes like in Egypt?

• The Egyptians clothing is made out of a light simple material called linen.
• Weavers make linen from plant fibers flax.
• Men-long cloth wrapped around their body and a plain shirt over their head.
• Women-long skirts or sleeveless dresses with a shawl or piece of cloth.
• Wealthy could afford dyes for their clothes yellow and gold colored

Why did Egyptians wear Jewelry and what was it made of?

• Wore Jewelry for the purpose of it being decorative but also for magical purposes.
• Pieces of Jewelry worn as amulets or charms, thought to protect wearer.
• Valuable jewelry was made of gold and semiprecious stones like carnelian, and turquoise.

What are some things that Egyptians did to their hair?

• Dyed their hair.
• Used henna which is a red dye made from powdered plant leaves.
• Others would cut their hair very short or even shave it off.
• Wealthy people wore elaborate wigs made from human hair.
• Tied cones of animal fat to their wigs when melted good scent.

Why did Egyptians wear cosmetics?

• Adorned themselves both for fashion and protection from the weather.
• Used perfumed oils which softened their hands/ helped it to not burn and crack in the desert climate
• Outlined their eyes with black kohl which is a substance of lead mixed with water.
• Made their eyes looked larger and protected them from the glare of the sun.
• Had antibacterial properties some of these would even help the wearer be protected from diseases.

Image Sources

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/nefertari_tomb.html 9-16-15.Web

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/ 9-16-15.Web

                      Writing and Education

                 Alex Goldstein

What did scribes do in Ancient Egypt?

• Record Keepers
• Worked in Government and Religious positions
• Administer the laws
• Collect taxes
• Supervise government projects
• Worked at Pharos Palace

What were scribes?

• Educated by priests
• Learned to read and right hieroglyphics
• Many students learned a simpler system called hieratic
• Egyptians used hieroglyphics for lots of the writing

What was school like?

• School day could last from sunrise to sundown
• Teachers were harsh and sometimes physically beat students
• Spent for years practicing on tablets before being entrusted with papyrus

What different positions for scribes were there?

• Record Keepers
• Worked in Government and Religious positions
• Administer the laws
• Collect taxes
• Supervise government projects
• Worked at Pharaohs Palace
• When on military expeditions
• Measured the Nile River
• Kept track of food and grain supply
• Kept track of taxes

Photo Sources

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/RMO/sr_1.jpg. September 16, 2015. Web

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/EMC/EM-7059-S4-SR9092-2_800x800.jpg. September 16, 2015. Web

Adorning the Body

Simran Saini

   What did Ancient Egyptians wear, and what material was it made out of?

-They wore simple clothes made from linen, which was from fiber flax plants.

-Children wore simple loincloths and tunic dresses.

– Egyptian men wore cloth lengths on their waists and normal shirts.

-Women wore long skirts, dresses without sleeves, and shawls.

-Wealthy Egyptians wore the same, but with colors from dyes.

Why was jewelry so important to Ancient Egyptians?

-Jewelry was decorative and magical to Egyptians.

-Stones like carnelian, lapis lazuli, & turquoise was jewelry worth lots of value.

-Ancient Egyptians wore normal jewelry, but they had chest pieces (pectorals.)

-Jewelry supposedly protected them from getting hurt, but that was just a myth.

What kind of hairstyles did Ancient Egyptians use?

-Some died their hair with henna, a red dye.

-Most were bald, or had super short hair.

-Wealthy Egyptians had wigs to wear.

-People tied cones of scented animal fat and let the fat melt on to their hat leaving a scent.

What did Ancient Egyptians use for cosmetics?

-They used perfumed oil on their skin to keep it from burning in the desert.

-They used malachite (a stone) on their eyes.

-Kohl was lead ore mixed with water, and was used to protect eyes from the sun.

-There was a myth that some of these protected them from diseases.

(image)http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/crowns/earrings.jpg.9/16/15.web

(image)http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/pics/spinners2.jpg.9/16/15.web

Crafts and Trade

Cole Fekete

What did artists and craftspeople work as and what did they use?

• Worked for the pharaohs, members of wealthy families, or for the temple.
• They worked as sandal makers, stone carvers, leather workers, metalworkers, sculptors, weavers, carpenters, jewelers, potters, and painters.
• They would use simple tools to produce all these goods.
• Worked for the pharaohs, members of wealthy families, or for the temple.

• Who were the craftspeople?
  • Males and many were taught to be craftspeople when they were young.
  • Went to school at the pharaoh’s along with the royal children.
  • Master craftspeople had a high status in society as they worked for royal and wealthy families.

• Where and what did they trade?
• Their crafts and resources with other countries near or far.
• Egypt traded goods such as grain, gold, copper, linen, gemstones, and various minerals
• The cities along the Nile had made for great trading centers.
• [Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/nef_tomb_crafts.html .9/16/2015.Web

[Image] http://www.akhet.co.uk/jewel.htm .9/16/2015.Web

Housing

Runyon Tyler

Where did Egyptians live?

• A lot of ancient Egyptians lived in villages and town located on the Nile valley.

• Lower class people lived in small houses and wealthier Egyptians lived in bigger, fancier houses.
• Royal families and other government officials lived in bigger cities.

How where buildings and houses made?

• Tombs, temples, and monuments in ancient Egypt were made out of stone.
• Houses for the pheasants and for the wealthy were made out of mud bricks. They got the mud from the Nile.
• To create mud bricks laborers carved mud in rectangular molds and set them out to dry to become sturdy and hard.
• These houses were made facing north to allow the calm northern wind to enter and flow through the houses providing cool air for the Egyptians.
• The wealthy people had houses which were plastered and painted.

What were ancient Egyptians houses like?

• Very poor people only had a few table and a bed to spare.

• Most people sat on the ground, mats, or cushions.
• The wealthy Egyptians had houses usually built around a central courtyard.
• Very few wealthy Egyptians had a tree shaded pool, flowers, and bushes.

• These wealthy house usually contained a large central hall, bedrooms, a bathroom, and a kitchen with servant quarters.• The wealthy Egyptians had stools, tables, beds, chests, pots and lamps.Image sources:
•  They went to the bathroom in a hole.

[Image]https://5ch.wikispaces.com/Egyptian+tribal+life.Sept 16, 2015.Web.

[Image]http://www.crystalinks.com/egypthomes.html.Sept 16, 2015.Web.

Medicine

JR Cobb

What were some common plants used in medicine?

• Doctors often used Juniper Berries for purification.
  • Cool Fact: Juniper Berries aren’t really berries… They are cones to hold the pollen, but with a roof with a small hole, so it looks like a berry!
• They also used Lotus for decorating and healing.
• Henna was also used for dying the skin and hair, and supposedly had the power to ward off danger.
• Lastly, Garlic was used in burial, and was thought to have the power to repel snakes and get rid of tapeworms.

The House of Life is a very special place. What is the House of Life?

• The house of life is where ancient Egyptian doctors studied medicine.
  • There was a house of life at Abydos, Akhmim, Esna, Edfu, Koptos, Memphis, and Akhetaten, but only the last one was confirmed as a House of Life by archeologists.
• The House of Life also contained a library, where people could go to refer to ancient writings.

The ancient Egyptians had very specific ways of doctoring. What were these ways?

• The ancient Egyptians applied bandages and stitches to wounds, but they never performed surgery.
  • Why they never performed surgery is unknown.
• They used magic and medicine, and often used a magician to cast spells.

Image Sources:

[Image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/cosmetics.htm.   9/16/15. Web.

[Image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/smithpapyrus.htm. 9/16/15. Web.

Social Classes

Brian Wei

What is the ancient Egyptian society?

• The Ancient Egyptian society is set up like a pyramid – social Pyramid
• There are many levels in the social pyramid

Who is the pharaoh?

• The pharaoh is the most powerful person in ancient Egyptian society
• The pharaoh is known as the lord of the two lands
• Almost everything belongs to the pharaoh

What is a scribe?

• Scribes went to scribal school to learn to read and write.
• Scribes are in a high position in ancient Egyptian social society
• They start scribal school at five.
• The teachers were very strict to make the students work hard.

Who were below the Scribes?

• Artists, craftspeople, and other skilled workers
• They created furniture, jewelry, and cloth

What group of people were at the bottom of the social pyramid?

• The largest class – laborers.
• Most were farmers
• They did other government building projects like irrigation systems, pyramids, and temples because of inundation.

[Images]https://aic-humanties.wikispaces.com/Ancient+Egypt . September 16, 2015. Web

[Images]http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,399820,did-the-pharaohs-know-hieroglyphic-writing—polish-egyptologist-explains.html. September 16, 2015. Web

Writing and Education

Raiya Patel

What did Scribes do for the ancient Egyptian society?

• Official record keeper
• Performed various jobs for the government and religious institutions
• Administered laws, collected taxes, and supervised government projects
• Worked at Pharaoh’s palace
• Travel with members of the court to keep a record of events
• High achieved Scribes may earn high ranks and honors and be financially rewarded

What are hieroglyphs? Who taught it to them?

• The curriculum in school that they learned
• Hieroglyphs took years to master
• Priests taught Scribes to read and write hieroglyphs

How did school masters teach and how strict were they?

• School masters treated students harshly
• Very strict
• Students may be scolded if the student is not paying attention
• May be physically punished if the student is not doing what they are supposed to be

What did Scribes do if they finished their education?

• Measure the rise of the Nile River
• Could go on military expeditions
• Can travel to cities and villages to keep track of tax records
• Kept record for grain and food supply
• Also kept a census

Image Sources:

[Images]http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/KMKG-MRAH/BrE.5043%283%29.jpg.September 16^th, 2015.Web.

[Image]http://www.hollanders.com/index.php/papyrus-light.html.Spetember 16ht, 2015.Web.

Food and Drink

By: Emily Wang

How did the Egyptians farm?

-November after flooding farmers start planting

– Began planting millet, wheat, and barley

-Farmer followed behind with cattle drawing plow

– Used pigs to walk over ground

-Crops harvested following April

– Used metal blades with short wooden handles to harvest

-Grew more than needed so that they could sell

What types of food did the Egyptians grow/hunt for their food?

¯ wheat and barley (Used to make bread and beer), millet

¯ Also vegetables: Onions, radishes, peas, beans, cucumbers, lettuce

¯ Hunted animals: Cattle, geese, ducks, cranes, other wildfowl

¯ Cows provided milk to drink or make into cheese

¯ Pork and certain sacred fish was forbidden, people still ate them

¯ In addition to beer the wealthy class also drank wine, made out of grapes grown in the Nile Delta

What were the differences between the lower class’s meals and the upper class’s meals?

¯ Lower class ate simple meals

¯ Upper class choices had a wide selection of different types of foods

¯ Laborers meals include vegetables, fish, bread, water or beer to drink

¯ Banquets for the upper class include pigeon stew, quail, bread rolls, stewed figs, cheese, and choice of wine, beer, or water

-most drank beer

Food and Feasts in Ancient Egypt by Richard Balkwill (book)

[Image]http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/agriculture-in-ancient-Egypt5.jpg?resize=598%2C401. September 16, 2015. i0.wp.com

[Image] http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/multimedia/dynamic/00260/P43_Egyptian_farmer_260488k.jpg. September 16, 2015. thesundaytimes.co.uk

Leah Bezuayehu

What did the gods look like look like?

1. Some where all human while there are others that have the head of an animal and body of a human.
2. Thoth was one of those kinds of gods he was part human and part ibis (type of bird
3. Also Anubis had the body of a human and head of a jackal

The most important gods are:

1. The most important ones were Ra the sun god, and Osiris the god of the underworld.
2. These gods were important because they made the sun go up and the moon go up every day
3. They did have other important gods but these were the most important god

The people of ancient Egypt offerings

• They make offerings to their gods
• They ask for blessings
• They give them jewelry

Burial Practices

David Salinas

What did they have to do in order to prepare the dead person’s spirit/ ka to enjoy the afterlife?

• person’s body was prepared in a certain way
• body can’t decay/ fall apart
• egyptians developed process (embalming)

What are the several steps to preserving a dead body?

• priests remove all organs that are inside the body except heart
• placed organs in pottery or limestone container (canopic jar)
• removed the brain by hooking it through the nostrils
• put the body in wooden box and covered it with salt (natron-dries body)
• In 40 days, priests washed, oiled, and wrapped body in several hundred yards of fabric
• sometimes spread black, gooey substance (momia) over body

What did the Ancient Egyptians do after burying the dead body?

• left food, drink, gold, jewelry, clothes, games, and mirrors) with the bodies
• had different burial ceremonies for poor and wealthier people
• Poor- usually not embalmed, most wrapped in discarded clothing, buried ground
• Poor who could afford it- simple funeral ceremony, laid in plain wooden box- buried in sand or cave
• Wealthy- held more elaborate ceremonies, buried their dead in tombs
• Pharaohs- priests laid body in coffin- placed in large stone container (sarcophagus,) surrounded with treasures
• Pharaohs in early times- buried in pyramids
• Pharaohs later- buried in temples/secret locations to prevent people from breaking into sites to steal treasures

Image Resources

• [Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/ahmose_father.html September 16, 2015. Web.
• [Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=139 September 16, 2015. Web

Music & Dance

Andrew Holland

• What occasions were music and dance preformed at?
• Music and dance were performed at the crowning of the pharaoh and public festivals
• Music and dance is entertaining
• Music & dance was a celebration
• Music & dance were also performed at private festivals
• Why did the royals like music and dance?
• The royals liked music & dance because the royals liked fun; and music and dance is fun.
• In addition it is not work; the royals did not do work; it was a way to show that they were separate, and therefore better
• The royals supported them because they could be entertained
• Why weren’t there 50-50 boys and girls as artists?
• It was a good chance for them to work
• It was entertainment, so women probably enjoyed it
• The men were mostly working outside the hut

Image Citations:

[Image] http://www.utahloy.com/m6egypttech/muu2.htm September 16, 2015

[Image] http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptmusic.html September 16, 2015

Medicine

Ben Parker

How did the Egyptians learn to be a doctor?

• Attend special schools after they completed general education
• Learned the symptoms of diseases
• Learned how to treat those diseases
• Understand the organs and structure of body
• Had to know how to use pulse to determine a person’s health

How did the doctors cure the problems the Egyptians had?

• Used magic, medicine, or both
• Had many treatments
• Had treatments for tumors, eye problems, snake bites, and more

What techniques were used to help a baby be born safely and stay healthy?

• Relied on magic from the gods rather than medicine
• Relied on gods to help the mother give birth safely
• Relied on gods to protect children from diseases
• Midwife would usually attach charms to the child’s body to invoke gods
• Washed baby in Nile for protection after they are born

Image Sources:

•   [Image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/medicine.htm. September 16, 2015. Web.
• [Image} http://piccionep.people.cofc.edu/history370/. September 16, 2015. Web.

Warfare

Sanjna Jotwani

1. How was the Egyptian army organized?

• Army made up of mercenaries–soldiers who were paid to fight from other lands.
• Army was organized into companies and divisions.
• Company was made of 200 soldiers
• Captain led each company with staff topped with the company’s emblem.
• Division was made of 5,000 soldiers
• Lieutenant or general led each division under the banner of its local god.

2. What weapons did the Ancient Egyptians use in battle?

• The infantry, or foot soldiers used javelins (long spears for throwing long distances), daggers, short curved swords.
• To protect themselves they used shields made of rawhide (stiff untanned leather) and wore head gear made of padded caps.
• Some soldiers fought in wooden, horse drawn chariots. The chariots served as movable firing platforms
• Two soldiers rode in each chariot, The archer was armed with bow and arrow, and javelins
• Driver wore a leather or bronze helmet and leather body armor

3. What are some other jobs soldiers worked outside of the military?

• During peacetime soldiers worked on jobs outside of military
• Examples: build and design, create and craft objects to sell, dig irrigation (to bring water to crops) canals. sometimes as a laborer

[Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/knife_of_gebel_el_arak/index.html.September 16, 2015.Web

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/soldiers_frieze.html,. September 16, 2015. Web

Social Classes

Alex Lim

What are the social classes that made up ancient Egyptian society?

• The pharaoh was on the top of the social ladder.
• Then the members of the royal family, nobles and government officials.
• Then came the Priests and Priestesses,
• Next the scribes
• Then the skilled workers and artists.
• The largest and poorest group was the laborers.

What was the pharaoh in charge of?

• He owned all the land and had complete control over the people.
• Still needed help from the military advisors, the powerful nobles
• Sometimes rewarded loyal nobles with gifts of land to keep their support.
• Priests looked after the pharaoh’s temples and held religious ceremonies.

Why did parents want their children to become scribes?

• Becoming a scribe was a way that a common person could become wealthy and powerful
  • Takes 10 years of training to become a scribe.
  • Scribes recorded important documents for the pharaoh.

What did the craftspeople make?

• Made furniture jewelry cloth for the pharaoh and other members of royalty.

• Jewelry such as headdresses, collar necklaces, bangles, and bead collars.

What did the Laborers do?

• Laborers spent most of their time raising and selling crops.
• During flood season, Farming was not possible, laborers worked on government building projects: irrigation systems, pyramids, and temples.

• Flood season is from June to October

Image Sources

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/farming_deir_tombs.html. September 16 2015.Web

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/nef_tomb.html. September 16 2015.Web

Religious Beliefs

James Paden

1. Who were these gods and what did they do?

• There were 2 really important gods and they were Osiris and Anubis
• Osiris was the god of he under world
• His job was to weigh the dead people’s hearts to an ostridge feather and if it leveled out then that person had eternal life, but if it didn’t then it would be fed to the swallower.
• Anubis was the god of the necropolis
• He was to prepare the dead people for the afterlife.

2. What were these temples and what purpose did they serve?

• They were the earthly homes of the Gods and Goddesses.
• Only priests and priestesses could enter the temple.
• When there were gods in the temples the priests were there to take care of the statues and make sure that they are well.

3. Why did the people payed their gods that lived in their homes?

• Many people had a small area where they could make offerings to the gods to protect them.
• People honored the gods for having a child or keeping the bad spirits out.
• Image Sources
•  [Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/index.html September 16^th 2015 Web.
• [Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/ September 16^th 2015 Web.

Domestic Life

Miles Ramee

What happened instead of a marriage in ancient Egypt?

* A women and a man started living together

* No Ceremony

* Couples could divorce which was when they stopped living together

* Divorced marriages were allowed to re-marry

What were the differences between upper and lower class women?

*Upper class women did no manual work

*Lower class women did the same jobs but also cooked, cleaned the house, and made clothes.

*The lower class sometimes worked in the fields.

What rights did women have?

*They could rent or buy property

*They could inherit money

*They could call charges against someone

*And were responsible for their own actions

Why were Egyptian children not required to go to school at a young age?

*Egyptian children typically died young

*They would only be accepted into society when they hit puberty

*They didn’t need experience at a job when they got married.

Image Citations

[Image]http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/2/21701778/ September, 16, 2015,Web.

[Image] http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptianwomen.html September, 16, 2015, Web.

Housing

Sonia Shah

1. Where did the Ancient Egyptians live?

• They lived in the towns and villages
• In the Nile valley
• The poorer people lived in houses wedged in between the wealthier people’s houses.
• All the houses were made out of mud bricks
• Royal families and government officials lived in larger cities, though still in the Nile Valley
• The larger cities were the centers of trade and government business

2. What were temples, tombs, monuments and houses made up of?

• Temples, tombs, and monuments were made up of stone so they would last for eternity
• Egyptian homes were made of mud bricks; they got the mud rom the Nile
• To make the mud bricks they would shape the mud into rectangular molds and leave them outside in the sun to bake

3. What type of furniture did the people have?

• Poorer people had very few furniture pieces, the most they usually had were a table and two beds
• The poor people usually sat on a mattress or cushion
• Wealthy people were very large, sometimes two stories high
• For light they had many lamps, and for natural light they could not use windows because they were not made of glass so they used the slats instead.   

Image Sources

[Image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/furniture.htm September 16, 2015 Web

[Image] http://carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/EGYPT/headrest.html September 16, 2015 Web

Adorning the body

Caleb Cotronis

How did they make the clothing and how did they dress?

• Men wore a shirt that was made of a soft linen from plant fibers flax
• Men also wore a length of cloth that rapped around the man’s waist
• Women wore long skirts or sleeveless dresses sometimes topped by a square cloth used as a shawl
• The wealthy people wore the same stuff as the peasants but made of a better cloth
• Wealthy people could also afford dyes so their clothes would be a gold or yellow color.
• Why did everyone wear jewelry?
• Decorative and magical purposes
• Some worn as amulets or charms were believed to protect the wearer from harm
• Gold and semiprecious stones such as carnelian, lapis lazuli, and turquoise were used to create very valuable pieces
• Egyptians wore Earrings, broad collars with strands of beads, pectorals on chest, bracelets, armbands, rings and anklets.

How did they wear their hair?

• Dyed hair red from henna made from powered leaf plants
• Cut hair very short or shaved off
• Wealthy people owned wigs made from human hair
• As added adornment people tied cones of scented animal fat or perfumed pomades to their wigs
• Fat would slide down the wig giving off an attractive scent

What cosmetics did they wear?

• perfumed oils to soften the skin and keep it from burning and cracking hot climate
• Colored eyelids with a green substance made from a soft stone called malachite
• They outlined eye with black kohl a substance of lead ore mixed with water they wore this to protect the eyes from the glare of the sun and make the eyes look bigger it also help the wearer not get diseases

[Image]http://www.onlinejewelryclass.biz/ancient-egyptian-jewelry/ancient-egypt-accessories-jewelry-and-perfumes-122130/ September16,2015.web.

[Image]http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptclothing.html September16,2015.web.

Writing & Education

Ashley Grubstein

What do scribes do?

• (Official record keepers
• (Administer laws
• (Collect taxes
• (Supervise government projects
• (Travel with court to keep an official record of events

What skills are needed to be a scribe?

• ( Read and write hieroglyphs
  • Took a while for students to master
  • Used to write everything from contracts to joke
• Also need to read and write heiratics

What was school like?

○ Just after sunrise to sunset

○ Teachers were Strict

○ Students treated harshly

○ if not willing to learn scolded and physically beaten

• Before students got papyrus they got clay tablets
•     Only successful students got papyrus after many years
  • Papyrus is plant reeds stuck together and flattened

What did scribes record?

○ Tax records

○ Records of grain and food supply to prevent starvation

○ Measured rise of Nile River

○ Traveled with military expeditions

• Animal records

(images) http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/ramesses_hittite.html . September 16, 2015. Web.

(images)  http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/tuthmosis_karnak.html . September 16, 2015. Web.

Housing

By: Julia Wiater

• -Where do people live?
• People live next to the Nile Valley
• The government is also located there
• Trade and business is located here too
• People live very close to each other
• The lower class houses are spaced between the upper class house

• -How do you make mud bricks and use them?
• All houses are made out of mud bricks
• To make mud bricks you have to take Nile mud and dry it in the sun
• Upper class houses still have mud bricks but they are painted
• Most lower class houses have one story
• Most upper class houses have two or more
• Homes can be up to four stories tall
• In upper class homes the layout is bigger than in lower class houses

• -What is the differences between Upper and Lower class houses?
• Lower class Egyptians had less furniture than the upper class
• Lower class had a bed and a table and sat on the floor
• Upper class Egyptians had beds, tables, stools, seats and more
• Upper class would get things imported from different countries
• They would get metal, ivory, and sometimes gold
• Upper class also had pools and gardens
• The houses are lit with candles they used linseed oil
• People liked to go on roofs to cool off and also get away from streets
• There layout of their house has the first room be open to the street
• Then the second room have a supporting column
• The third room would have a bed and a storage room
• Houses contain ovens to cook there food
• The kitchen is always located in the courtyard

• [Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=4024  

September 16, 2015. Web.

• http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/large.aspx?img=images/NMI/1901606.JPG

September 16, 2015. Web.

Medicine

By: Hannah Claire Ward

1. How did Ancient Egyptians learn to be a doctors?

– After general doctor education school doctors went to special classes and schools

– They had a clear understanding of the organs and structure of the body and the pulse to determine if the patient was healthy

– They knew that the heart was an important piece of staying healthy and living – Doctors store medical records in medical libraries in temples

– Doctors are free to consult in ancient Egypt

2. Which different methods can you treat illness with?

– Combo of magic spells and sayings and medicine

– They used parts of herbs and plants such as garlic

– Had remedies for many things including tumors, eye problems and snake and animal bites.

– They only ever used surgery to relieve pressure on the brain.

– Before any surgery patients would take an alcoholic drink to reduce pain.

– Willow – Anacacia – Sycamore or mint leaves were bandages.

3. How did Doctors insure safe childbirth?

– During birth and pregnancy doctors relied on ancient magic spells to insure that the mom and the baby were safe and that the child was growing properly

– Gods were called upon to help the mom with prayers, charms and spells to protect disease and danger

– Doctors relied on the gods for their wisdom and prayers

Pictures: [Image] http://factfile.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Ancient-Egyptian-Medicine-Pic.jpg 9/16/15.Web.

[Image] http://www.pantryspa.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/garlicCloves.jpg  9/16/15. Web.

Crafts and Trade

Johnathan Wright

Q: What did the craftspeople do, and what training did they receive?

• Made art for pharaohs, wealthy families, and temples.
• Villagers can get the art for extra farm produce
• Pictures are inspired by nature
• Used simple tools to make it, materials being different stones and metals

Q: Where and when did the craftspeople go to school?

• They are really young when they go to school
• They often go to school with Royal kids at the pharaohs palace

Q: Where did the Egyptians trade?

• Traded at cities and towns along the Nile
• They traded gold, copper, linen, gemstones, and other materials.
• Received Timber, iron, silver, tin, and lead. ( items they didn’t have much of)

Picture resources:

[Image} http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/trade/home.html. 9/16. Web

{Image} http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/iron.html . 9/16/15. Web

Burial Practices

Estella Monica

1. What did the Ancient Egyptians believe about the afterlife?

• Your KA would go into the afterlife not the entire body
• You lived your previous life while in the afterlife and once your previous life is over it continues new
• same social class as in your previous life

2. What was included in the sacred process of preparing thebody?

• Removed organs and put them in canopic jars
• Hooked brain from the nostrils and pulled it out
• Left the heart in for it was the center of the KA
• They stitch the body back together once they had filled it with perfumes
• Prevented the body from decaying by using oils and salts

3. Where were the bodies buried depending on the social class?

• Lowest social classes [poor] would be buried in the ground wrapped in old rags and fabric
• People who could afford a simple ceremony would bury them in plain wood boxes in a cave or desert
• People of the highest class, other than the King, would be buried in mastaba with a ceremony less grand than the king’s
• Kings would have an extremely large ceremony and be buried in large mastaba along with most of the constructors of their burial chamber
  • This was so the constructors of the mastaba could not trade their information with grave diggers so they could steal the goods and treasures inside the kings or higher classes tomb

[Image] http://www.akhet.co.uk/cairo.htm 09-16-15 Web.

[Image] http://www.akhet.co.uk/cairo.htm 09-16-15 Web.

 Domestic Life

Ashleigh Smith- September 16 & 17, 2015

Why did they only marry people of their own social class?

• Egyptians had a strong sense of family, married only people of their own social class
• No formal or legal ceremonies for marriage
• Divorce was possible; remarriage was possible

Why couldn’t women have their own social position? Why did they have to depend on their husband or father’s social status?

• A woman’s social position depended on their father or husband’s social position
• Women in upper class had very different lives from those in lower class
• An upper class woman’s responsibilities were: raising children, overseeing servants, running the household; no manual work
• Lower class woman’s responsibilities: raising children, running the household, cooking, cleaning, manual work (working in the fields), making clothes.

How were the woman’s rights different from others?

• Women of all classes had certain individual rights
• They could own or rent property and were entitled to an equal share in any inheritance left by a deceased father or husband
• Women were equal to men in laws
• They could go to court against someone and had the responsibility of answering to their own actions in court

Why did they marry at such a young age? What did they do to entertain themselves?

• Married at young ages: 12 for girls and 14 for boys
• Children that didn’t attend school participated in family activities
• They played games such as leap frog, tug of war, and a popular board game called Senet
• Adults also played Senet
• Senet rules: Players battled against the forces of evil to try and reach the underworld kingdom of a god called Osiris
• Children also played with balls, dolls and toy animals; boys would pretend to be soldiers and girls would play games involving dances
• Many Egyptians died at young ages; usually before turning five
• Kids would be accepted as full members of society when they reached puberty
• (Image) https://www.google.com/search?q=senet+ancient+egyptian+paintings&biw=1670&bih=837&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIzZSViZL-xwIVAhc-Ch1Pdw9H#imgrc=Ip9r9xF1iWrQdM%3A   September 16, 2015. Web.
• (Image) https://www.google.com/search?q=court+in+ancient+egypt+paintings&biw=1670&bih=837&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMIpJPVhJP-xwIVgkA-Ch3M0Af3#tbm=isch&q=tomb+paintings+of+ancient+egyptian+upper+class+families&imgrc=OOsrVKLYBPa0kM%3A   September 16, 2015

Will Brewer

Why did the Egyptians wear light and simple clothing?

• Clothes made from linen
• Linen created from fiber flax
• Men dressed in length of cloth and a shirt around the waist
• Women wore long skirts or sleeveless dresses sometimes topped by a shawl

What type of jewelry did the Egyptians wear?

• Broad collars with strands of beads, pectorals (chest adornments), bracelets, armbands, rings, earrings, charms, amulets, and anklets.
• Carnelian, lapis lazuli and turquoise were used to create very valuable jewelry

Why do the Egyptians care about their hair?

• Dyed with Henna
• Cut very short or shaved heads
• Wealthy people owned elaborate wigs made from human hair
• Tied cones of scented fat, or perfumed pomades to their wig and it would give off an attractive smell

Why would the Egyptians wear cosmetics?

• Wore for fashion and protection from weather
• Perfumed oils to soften skin
• Colored eyes with a green substance from a soft stone called malachite
• Outlined eyes with black kohl to protect their eyes from the sin and to make their eyes look larger, also helped protect wearers from diseases

[Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/crowns/jewellery.htm.9/16/15.Web

[Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/crowns/jewellery.htm.9/16/15.Web

Alex Dietrich

1. Why did the Ancient Egyptians prepare they body in a certain way?

• So their body did not decay
• Created steps called embalming to stop decay
• So their ka could enjoy the afterlife

2. What were the steps the Ancient Egyptians used to preserve a dead body?

• First organs except heart removed by priest then placed in Canopic jar

-The organs were removed from a cut in the left abdomen

-A Canopic jar is taller than wide, with a carved head as the lid

• brain removed from nostrils
• body put in wood box and covered in natron, (salt)
• dried over 40 days
• washed in oil
• wrapped in cloth, sometimes covered in momia a black slimy substance

3. What items did the Ancient Egyptians bury with the dead?

• cloth type, poor-old clothes, middle-cloth, wealthy-good cloth
• buried, poor, in ground,
• middle, simple funeral in wood box in cave or sand,
• rich, better celebration, coffin, in tombs,
• Pharaohs, Grand Ceremony, coffin with sarcophagus around, in Mastabas or a little later pyramids  and much later in time secret places so tomb robbers couldn’t find them, special boats built for journey to burial grounds.

-A sarcophagus is an outer shell for the coffin that is painted with designs

• Items buried with, food, water, adornment, (jewelry), treasure (pharaohs), clothes, games

Images Sources:

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=139 . September 16 2015. Web.

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=3460 . September 16 2015. Web.

Crafts and Trade

Aanya Sachdeva

What crafts did the Egyptians make?

• Were sandal makers, stone carvers, leather workers, metalworkers, sculptors, weavers, carpenters, jewelers potters and painters
• Made jewelry, sculptures, statues, and highly finished furniture
• Papyrus sandals, amulets, glass vases, wooden chests
• Used gold, stone, bronze, glass, clay
• Craftspeople usually made for pharaohs, temples, or wealthy

How long did it take to become a crafts men?

• Were taught since they were very young
• Often went to school at pharaoh’s palace with children of royalty
• Higher craftspeople was, higher in social status
• Craftspeople who worked for the royal and wealthy were paid well with foods and other goods
• They lived and much better life than members of lower class

What other countries and empires did the ancient Egyptians trade with?

• Traded with other countries and empires along the Nile River
• Traded crafts and resources
• Trade controlled by pharaoh
• Traded grain, gold, copper, linen, gemstones, different minerals
• Got things they needed- timber, iron. silver, tin, lead
• No coin or currency only trading for other things

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/nef_tomb_crafts.html. September 16, 2015. Web.

[Image] http://www.akhet.co.uk/kingstat.htm. September 17, 2015. Web.

Housing

Andrew Lake

Where did people live in Ancient Egypt?

• Most people lived in towns and villages
• Lower-class people often between larger houses of wealthier families
• Upper-class and nobles/government officials in larger cities
• In the Nile valley

What were the houses made of?

• Mud bricks
• Nile mud in wooden molds left to dry in the sun
• Upper-class houses were often plastered white

What were features in and around the houses?

• Upper-class houses often had a tree shaded pool, flowers, bushes, tall walls, two stories, central courtyards, guest rooms at the front, kitchens at the back with servants quarters, toilets, rugs, and lamps.
• Lower-class houses had a table, a bed, one story, one room, and sometimes floor mats.
• Flat roofs for extra space
• Doors facing north to capture the wind and circulate air

[Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/pics/house_nakht_papyrus.jpg. September 16^th, 2015. Web.

[Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/pics/breasted-house.gif. September 16^th, 2015. Web.

Renn Guard

Who were the most recognized gods?

• Osiris god of the underworld.
• Thoth was the god of writing and knowledge-had the head of an ibis.
• Horus god of the sky-had the head of a falcon.
• Anubis had the head of a jackal- mummification and the afterlife.
• Hathor- was one of the most important, she was goddess of joy and motherhood
• Bes a dwarf with a tail, ears and beard of a lion was loved because he brought joy and protected the house.
• Ra sun god

What did the Egyptians do in the temples?

• Temples were the earthly home of gods and goddess.
• The temples looked more like palaces because the “holy” statue of god lived there.
•    Only in special occasions were commoners allowed in the inner court yard of the temple.
• During these special occasions the statue of the god or goddess was carried to the most sacred place of the temple.
• There were however smaller places where the commoners could pray to the gods.

Creation story

• Most people thought that the world began with just water
• Then when the Nile flooded the first part of earth appeared
• People in Hermopolis believed that Thoth called four frog and snakes who made an egg and the sun came out of it.
• Memphis the god Ptah who had all the other gods in him and just with his thought created the world.

Images

http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/religion/isis_suckling_horus_xxvi.jpg

http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/aswan/temple2.jpg

Writing and Education

Allie Chandler

1. What were the variety of functions that scribes fulfilled in ancient Egyptian society?

• Egypt’s official record keepers
• collecting taxes
• administered laws
• Supervised government projects
• Helped keep official records of events
• Scribes considered upper class

2. How were scribes educated?

• By priests
• Learned the reading and writing of hieroglyphs
• Many learned simpler hieratic script
• Later, hieratic script evolved into simpler demotic script
• Used ink palette and brushes made from reeds

3. Why was school life for students not easy?

• school day very long
• Schoolmasters very strict
• Schoolmasters often treated students harshly
• spent many years doing same thing (copying hieroglyphic signs)
• 750 different hieroglyphs

4. What did students do once they successfully completed their training?

• Work alongside experienced scribes to learn more about record keeping
• Measured the rise of the Nile river
• Kept records of grain and food supply
• Kept census
• Traveled throughout cities and villages to keep track of tax records [image]http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=743 September 16, 2015.web[image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=4273 September 16, 2015.web

Warfare

Jane Sihm

Notes from Placard :

Questions from Topic Sentences:

1. How does the military play an important role in Ancient Egypt?

• The military protects the people in Ancient Egypt.
• Have an army of full time soldiers.
• During wartime, mercenaries (paid soldiers from foreign lands) were paid to be part of the army.
• 1/10 of the workers in the temples were sent to fight during wartimes.
• The soldiers were divided up into groups, companies, and divisions.
• 200 foot soldiers = Company (A Captain led each company)
• 5000 men = division (A General or Lieutenant General led each division)
• Each division marched under a banner featuring their local god.

2. What weapons did the Egyptians soldiers use in battle?

• The infantry (foot soldiers) used javelins, daggers, and short, curved, swords called Khopesh in battle.
• The infantry typical armor includes shields of rawhide and padded head caps. Some soldiers had bronze armor instead.
• Two soldiers could be on a chariot, a driver and an archer.
• Driver had a leather or bronze helmet and leather or bronze body armor and the archer was armed with a bow and arrow and javelins also with armor.
• The Driver drives the chariot and the archer shoots arrows from a moving platform.

3. What jobs did the soldiers do when they weren’t at war?

• They dug irrigation canals
• Carry stone from the desert to build a pharaoh’s tomb
• Did lots of manual labor

[Image] http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/an20721_l.jpg. 9/16/15. Web.

[Image] http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/weapons10.jpg. 9/16/15. Web.

food and drink  

Dina Etkin

What is a farmer’s job/life like?

• Sow fields in November, just after flooding stopped which was usually done in pairs
• One of them would go ahead and scatter seed everywhere, while the other came behind with cattle drawing a plow
• Crops harvested in summer using a wooden sickle (metal blades with short wooden handles)
• After that donkeys were used to transport the crop to the granaries (where food is stored) or to the market place
•   What food did they plant and what food/drink did they make?

• Two most important crops are wheat & barley which were used for bread and beer, two of the most common food items
• Also grew vegies such as onions, radishes, peas, beans, cucumbers and lettuce
• For meat they raised and hunted geese, duck, cranes and other wildfowl
• Cows provided milk which was drank or made into cheese
• They also drank wine which was made from grapes grown along the nile valley delta
•  How much food do you get to eat?

• Lower class ate simple upper class had choice of wide selection of meals
• Laborer’s meal: fish, bread and water or beer
• Wealthy person: fish, pigeon stew, kidneys, quail, ribs of beef, small round cakes, some cherry like fruit, stewed figs, cheese, and wine and beer to drink

Image sources

• [image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/farming_deir_tombs2.html    sept.-15
• [image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/food.htm     sept.-15

Writing and Education

Rohan Phadke

What functions did scribes fulfill?

• Scribes kept records for Ancient Egypt
• They would travel along with court members to record events
• Would collect tax from
• Scribes would be in charge of laws

How were scribes educated?

• Priests taught the scribal students
• Curriculum featured learning to read and write hieroglyphics
• They used a reed pens to write on broken pieces of pottery
• Only after they mastered writing on broken pottery, they could write on tablets and then papyrus
• Many scribal students were taught a much simpler system called hieratic script
• Scribes were taught to use hieratic script on daily basis for everyday tasks

Why was school life not easy for scribal student?

• School days were long and sometimes went on from sunrise to sunset
• Strict schoolmaster who treated students harshly
• Students who did not want to learn were harshly punished and even physically beaten
• Students learning to be scribes spent almost 4 years out of seven years of school learning to write the 700 hieroglyphic signs
• What would scribal students learn when they accompanied more experienced scribes?

• Would learn to keep track of tax records
• Learned to record the rise of the Nile River
• They would be taught to track the supply of grain and food supply to ensure that there would not be a shortage of food.

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=80. September 16, 2015. Web.

[Image] http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=4576. September 16, 2015. Web.

     Sarah Zhao

What kind of simple and light clothing did the Ancient Egyptians wear?

-clothing made from linen, a soft cloth, created from a plant fiber called flax

-men wore piece of cloth wrapped around waist, and a plain shirt

-women wore long skirts or dresses sometimes topped with square pieces of fabric used as shawls.

-wealthy Egyptians; same style, better fabric- dyed

How did the Ancient Egyptians use jewelry?

-men and women, rich and poor used jewelry

-magical and decorative purposes

-worn as amulets (charms) to protect the wearer from harm

-earrings, broad collars with strands of beads, pectorals, bracelets, rings, armbands and anklets

In what ways did the Ancient Egyptians pay great attention to their hair?

-dyed hair using henna (red dye from powdered plant leaves)

-cut hair very short/shaved heads completely

-wealthy people had elaborate wigs made from human hair

-tied cones of scented animal fat (perfumed pomades) to wigs; fat would melt down wig giving off attractive scent

-children shaved heads except for some hair for braids(s)

How did Ancient Egyptians adorn themselves with cosmetics?

-for fashion and protection from weather

-perfumed oils to soften skin to prevent burning and cracking in hot climate

-colored eyelids with green substance made from soft stone, malachite

-outlined eyes using black kohl (substance of lead ore mixed with water) to make eyes look larger and protect eyes from sun

-some had antibacterial properties, also helped prevent wearers from catching diseases

Citations:

http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/pics/loincloth.jpg

http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/crowns/fingerrings.jpg

Food and Drink

Kyler Chen

How did they sow and harvest?

• They sowed in November after the flooding of the Nile
• One person was behind a cattle pulling a plow
• Other person was in front, scattering wheat and barley seed
• Usually the whole family harvested
• Used wooden sickles to harvest
• Afterwards, donkeys brought crops to granaries or marketplaces

What did the Egyptians harvest and kill for food?

• Crops-Wheat, barley, onions, radishes, peas, beans, cucumbers, lettuce
• Meat- cattle, geese, ducks, cranes, other wildfowl, cows/milk/cheese, pork (which was forbidden to be eaten), fish, grapes
• Wheat and barley was made into beer and bread, grapes were made into wine

How were the Lower Class foods and the Upper Class foods different?

• Lower Class people ate simpler meals-
• Vegetables, fish, bread, water, and beer
• Upper Class people had more to choose from-
• Fish, pigeon stew, kidneys, quail, ribs of beef, bread rolls, small round cakes, cherry-like fruit, stewed figs, cheese, and for drink, wine or beer.

[Image]http://www.ancienthistorylists.com/egypt-history/top-10-popular-ancient-egyptian-food/ .9/16/15.Web.

[Image]http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo3e.shtml.9/16/15/Web.

Medicine

By Jacqueline Johnson

How are doctors trained?

• Trained at special schools after completing general education
• Learned about symptoms of many illnesses, how to diagnose and treat them
• Egyptians have practiced medicine for hundreds of years
• Doctors had a clear understanding of organs and structure of body
• Knew importance of heart, thought it speaks through back of head and hands
• They used the body’s pulse rate to determine health

What combinations of magic and medicine did Egyptians use?

• Illness caused by worms to form inside the body
• Believed magic, medicine, or a combination drove worms out, cured patient
• Doctors had treatments for many illnesses
• Magicians were used to cast magic spells when other treatments did not work
• Doctors could treat eye problems, tumors, snake bites, and many other things
• They used plants and herbs such as garlic in their treatments
• Doctors treated injuries with bandages and stitches,
• Doctors never performed surgery

What kind of magic did ancient Egyptians rely on during childbirth?

• In all areas relating to childbirth, Ancient Egyptians relied more on magic and help from gods then medicine
• Gods helped women conceive and bear children safely
• Prayers, charms, and spells used to protect mother during pregnancy and childbirth, and protect babies against childhood diseases/ dangers
• Mothers carry babies around in pouch slung from shoulders
• Mothers had babies at special birth building or house

Image Resources

(Image) http://www.aldokkan.com/science/herbs-chinese.jpg    Sep 16, 2015 Web

(Image) http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/newkingdom/resources.html   Sep 16, 2015 Web

Food and Drink

Gabriella Cicuto

How do ancient Egyptians farm?

• In November after the Nile subsided they would Sow farm
• Done in pairs
• Scattered wheat or barely seed
• Other is behind with cattle drawing a plow
• Crops harvested in summer used wooden sickles
• Farmers whole family helps

How did ancient Egyptians get their food?

• many different crops
• Most important crops: wheat and barley
• Also grew veggies onions, radishes, peas, beans, cucumber, and lettuce
• Meat grew cattle: hunted geese, ducks, cranes, and other wildfowl
• Cows = milk plus cheese and the drink
• Barley made into bear

What do lower class Egyptians and upper class Egyptians eat?

• Lower class people had simple meals
• Upper class had a choice of food
• Example lower class: veggies, fish, bread, water or bear
• Example upper class: fish, pigeon stew, kidneys, quail, rib of beef, bread rolls, small round cakes, cherry like fruit, stewed figs, cheese, wine, bear

[Image].http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/farming_deir_tombs2.html.9/16/15.Web.

[Image] http://www.123rf.com/photo_7506375_spikes-and-grains-of-barley.html.9/16/15.Web.

Social Classes

Dylan Horwin

1.How people were born into a class

• They were raised to work in that class
• Upper class is different than lower class
• Upper class was more lavish and rich than Lower class

2. What did the Pharaoh give to the people

• He gave land to loyal nobles
• He was the most powerful person in Egyptian society
• The Pharaoh had complete power over people, and all the land
• The Pharaoh was in charge of the sun setting and rising of sun
• The Pharaoh was in charge of the annual flooding of Nile river

3. What would Scribes write down

• They wrote how much taxes the king got
• Keep track of statistics in the kingdom
• Help the king trade or give land

4. Artist were skill workers what would they make

• Artist made furniture, jewelry and cloth
• He made all of this for the Pharaoh and citizens to buy for money
• There was other artist who built different things

5. What would labors do when they couldn’t harvest to JuneOctober

• They would build government building’s like irrigation systems, and temples
• Then the flood season came and the labors plant and make wheat

Religious Beliefs

Vinith Upadhya

Why did the Ancient Egyptians believe in and worship many Gods?

• Gods created, ruled world
• Each served a different purpose
• Some more important than others-Osiris (God of underworld [home of dead])

What Egyptian gods had the body of a human and the head of an animal?

• Anubis, jackal head-God of necropolis (place where Egyptians believed bodies of dead were prepared for afterlife)
• Thoth, ibis head-God of writing, knowledge
• Horus, falcon head-Sky God

Why could only priests and priestesses enter the temple?

• Egyptians believed temples were homes of the gods
• Temples resembled palaces because statue of God lived there.
• When statues were in temple, priest and priestesses carried out certain rituals to honor them
• On important festivals, statue taken through outside courtyard to sacred part of temple, ordinary Egyptians watching from edges of courtyard can see it.
• Smaller structures built outside temple for common people to worship

What did Commoners pay homage to Gods and Goddesses for?

• Most people had small area in home
• Made offerings to God for protection
• Sometimes asked for children as well as keeping away bad/dead spirits

Image Sources:

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/akenhaten_temple.html September 16, 2015.Web

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/ram_nef_abusimpel.html September 16, 2015.Web

Medicine

Claire Kim

How many years have they been studying and how did they learn different types of diseases?

• Practiced medicine for hundreds of years called House of Life
• Wrote about the importance of the heart and how it “speaks out” through the back of the head and hands- reference to the pulse beat
• Went to special school, learned many different symptoms and disease and how to treat and cure
• Highest level doctors were called wabau
• Used excision ( to remove tumors), not much as in a modern surgery

What did they use in a combination of magic and medicine? What are some disease they confronted?

• Prescription of many for many illness
• Believed magic spells, medicine, or a combination of both treatment for many illness, such as eye problems, tumors, and snake bites
• Tumors are a swelling of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant
• Used magic to ward off injures from crocodiles or the ghosts of the dead

How did ancient Egyptians doctors affect pregnancy?

• Prayers, charms, and spells were used to protect a mother during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as to protect babies against childhood diseases and dangers.
• Many entries are devoted to fertility and pregnancy tests
• Relied more on magic than medicine

Sources: [Image]. http://itthing.com/wpcontent/uploads/Writing_instruments_OF_ANCIENT_EGYPT.jpg.9/16/15.web

[Image]. http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptmedicine.html.9/16/15.web

Domestic Life

Lily Finkelstein

1. What does being married mean for most ancient Egyptians

• Married  were 12-14 years old
• Never had a formal or religious ceremony
• A marriage was when a man and a women had a household
• Working persons house was about 14 by 40 feet
• You could get divorced and divorced people could get married again.

2.What is a woman’s social position?

• First fathers social status
• Latter when married husbands social status
• Upper class is a lot different than lower classes.
• Luxury and comfort show a rich man’s country house and townhouse.

3. Were Women treated as well as men?

• Women from different classes were treated differently depending on different classes.
• Women could own property and were entitled to share equal in any inheritance left by a decreases people
• Each village and town of any size had a court called a kenbet. There were know attorneys so everyone had to speak for them self.
• Women were equal to men in the eyes of the law.

4. What did kids do

• Children who didn’t go to school could take part in daily family activities.
• Children played leap frog, tug-a-war, and a board game called senet.
• Senet is a board game which adults and kids play, you would battle against the forces of evil to try to reach the underworld kingdom of a God called Osiris.
• Lot of kids died at 5 years old.

Writing and Education

William Coley

Two forms of writing

What variety of functions did scribes fulfill in ancient Egyptian society?

Administer laws, taxes, supervise government project and were paid well

Why was the most important part of the school curriculum reading and writing hieroglyphs and hieratic?

Hieratic used for anything except religious books and scrolls in which hieroglyphics were used.

How was school life hard for students?

Strict and long.

Be hurt some if bad work.

What would successful do after their completed training?

Would get advice record keep and do jobs for government

What did scribe write on?

Scribes wrote on stone tablets for the first 4 years and after that they would write on papyrus scrolls.

[Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/

hieroglyphs/introduction.html.September16.Web.

[Image]http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=4273.September16.Web.

Adorning the Body

Cy Reading

What were Ancient Egyptians clothes made of?

Their clothes were made of a soft cloth called linen, which weavers made from plant fiber called flax.

• Wealthy Egyptian people dyed their clothes with special dyes to make them look gold or yellow.

Why did Ancient Egyptians wear jewelry?

• Their jewelry was worn as amulets or charms and was believed to protect the person who was wearing it from harm.
• They used gold and precious stones such as carnelian, lapis lazuli, and turquoise to create very special and expensive pieces.

What did Ancient Egyptians do with their hair?

They died their hair with henna which was a red dye made from powdered plant leaves.

• Some Ancient Egyptians cut their hair very short or shaved completely while richer people could afford elaborate wigs from human hair
• More wealthy people tied cones of perfumed animal to make their wigs smell good.

What kinds of cosmetics did Ancient Egyptians use?

• Ancient Egyptians used perfumed oils to soften their skin as well as keep it from burning and cracking in the desert.
• They colored their eyelids with a green substance which was made from a soft stone called malachite.
• They also outlined their eyes with black kohl, which was lead mixed with water.

Image Sources

[Image] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax(9-16-2015).Web.

[Image}https://www.rom.on.ca/en/blog/amarna-artifacts-in-the-roms-ancient-egypt-collection(9-16-2015).Web.

Adorning the Body

Folu Ogundipe

What type of clothes did rich and poor Egyptians wear?

Poor, light and simple, soft cloth with linen from flax,

Poor men, long cloth wrapped around waist, plain shirt on top,

Poor women, long skirts, sleeveless dresses sometimes topped with square cloth as shawl,

Rich, same thing, better fabric,

Children wore no clothes, children wore long braid called “the lock of youth”, When children got older wore same as parents, Wore linen because the plant grew well in Egypt

Why did Egyptians wear jewelry?

Decorative and magical,                                                                                             Sometimes amulets believed to protect from harm,

Gold and kind precious stones created valuable pieces

Gold belonged to pharaoh so it was given or stolen

What hair did Egyptians wear ?

Some people dyed hair with henna, a red dye, Cut hair or shaved heads completely , Wealthy people had wigs made from human hair, Also tied cones of scented animal fat which melted and slid down giving off good smell

What type of cosmetics did Egyptians wear?

Men and women did cosmetics for fashion and weather protection,                     Used perfumed oils to keep skin from burning and cracking in desert,                 Colored eyelids with green substance made from soft stone named malachite, Outlined eyes with black kohl which is lead ore mixed with water, makes eyes look larger, protected from sun, protected from disease

Images:

[Image}http://www.motherearthliving.com/gardening/flax-growing-and-processing.aspx.Sept. 11, 2015.web; [Image]http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/clothing.html. Sept. 11,2015.web

Writing and Education

Aarav Gupta

What functions did scribes fulfill in the Ancient Egyptian society?

• Egypt’s official record keepers
• Performed various governmental and religious rituals
• Administered laws
• Collected taxes
• Traveled with court members to keep an official record of events

How were the writing systems used in Egypt?

• Only men became scribes but women learned to read and write
• Most important part of the scribe school curriculum was reading and writing of
•  hieroglyphs
• Egyptians used hieroglyphs to record laws, business contracts, songs, jokes, and tales
• It took Years to master hieroglyphics
• Many students learned a simpler cursive writing system called hieratic script used for everyday tasks like record keeping

What was the school like for scribes?

• School day sometimes lasted from dawn to dusk
• Schoolmasters treated students harshly and if they weren’t willing to learn, they were scolded and physically beaten
• Four years copying hieroglyphs on a slate to be trusted with writing on papyrus. [Papyrus is a plant that Egyptians turned into their version of paper]

What happened to scribes once they finished their training?

• They worked alongside experienced scribes to learn about record keeping
• Kept track of tax records in cities and villages
• Kept track of food and grain supply in cities and villages and to help prevent a famine
• Kept census, measured rise of Nile with Nileometers, traveled with military expeditions. [A Nileometer is a set of stairs, a pillar, or a well that marks the height of the water]

Picture Sources

• [Image]http://www.euratlas.com/Atlas/egypt_nile/aswan_nilometer.html.September 16, 2015.Web.
• [Image] http://www.corbisimages.com/images/Corbis-IH020076.jpg?size=67&uid=72c74a00-0f52-4fe8-adf3-19b9fc11fdc1.September 16, 2015.Web.

Sebastian Polge

Did Ancient Egyptians believe in the afterlife?

• Ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife
• Believed their soul couldn’t enjoy the afterlife unless the body was prepared right.
• The body could not decay or
• The ancient egyptians developed process of embalming

How did you embalm a dead body?

• Removed organs and placed them in a canopic jar.
• Removed brain through nostrils
• They hooked it and pulled the brain through the nose
• Put body in box and put natron on it
• After 40 days, washed, oiled and wrapped the body in serval yards of fabric
• Then they spread momia on the body. momia is a black gooey substance.

How did you bury a dead body?

• Buried dead with items to use in afterlife. The reason ancient Egyptians buried the body with items is because they believed that the Ka could use these items in the afterlife. A Ka is the spirit of a dead person.
• They buried the dead with food, drink, gold, jewelry, or everyday items
• Burial ceremonies differed from rich to poor
• Poor did not get embalmed
• Most poor wrapped in discarded clothing and put in ground
• Some people had a small ceremony if affordable
• Pharaohs had grandest funerals
• Priests lay body in a coffin, which was put in a sarcophagus. A sarcophagus is a large stone container.
• Workers built special boats to pharaoh to secret burial site. The grave site was secret so grave robbers could not rob the pyramid.
• Some Pharaohs were buried in pyramids in early times. The reason only some pharaohs were buried in pyramids is because too many grave robbers were breaking into them and stealing the gold and jewels.

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/special/virtual_library/ramesses_mummy.html.9/16/15.web.

[Image] https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.M1aa8346db8a0f16a4de512ed06b4f4e1H0&w=65&h=65.9/16/15.web

Why did the ka have to be made a certain way?

• They thought that it had to be made certain way or else the ka could not live its after life.
• It needed all the normal things it needed in its life on earth.

How did the priests conserve the body?

• They put organs in the Canopic Jar except for the heart. They took the brain out through the nostrils of the nose.
• Then they put the body in a wood box and covered it in salt.
• Then after 40 days the priests put the body in oils and washed it off.
• Then they put several hundred yards of fabric on the body
• Last the oils put on earlier turn into a black substance similar to tar as it gets old and preserves the body. This is where the word mummy comes from.

What things were mummies buried with?

• Mummies were buried with all the things they need in their afterlife.
• They were buried with foods that they would need to eat.
• They were buried with their clothes that they wear.
• They were buried with riches that they had and games to keep them entertained in their afterlife.
• They were also buried with some of their servants that would be killed just to be with their master.

Images

[image] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/15/mummy-genetics-genome-map-genes-ancient-egyptians_n_3084014.html 9-16-2015 [Web]

Image http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/ancient-egyptian-mummy-e73942 9-16-2015 [Web]

Housing

Owen Kadis

Where did Egyptians live?

• Towns villages
• Lower class close tight small
• Upper class bigger and fancier
• Royals and government officials larger city

What were Egyptians houses look like?

• Bricks of Nile mud
• Facing North
• Upper class houses were painted
• Not strong as stone but kept out heat

What was lower class housing like?

• Lower class
• simple house
• small rooms
• high windows low ceilings
• little furniture a few tables and beds

What was upper class housing like?

• Upper class
• Fancier bigger
• Tree shaded pool
• Flowers bushes high wall
• Two stories
• Courtyard
• Bedrooms bathrooms kitchens public rooms servants quarters
• Stools tables bed chests pots and lamps

[image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/building/index.html . Sept 16 2015.Web.

[image] http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/housing.html . Sept 16 2015.Web.

War Fare

Molly Shirley

Why does military play an important role in Egyptian society?

*Military protects Egypt

*Help build tombs and canals

*Military was a full time job

Are there different parts of the Military?

*Infantry are foot soldiers

*a company is 200 foot soldiers with captain to lead them

*a division is 5,000 men with a general / lieutenant to lead them

*military were also made up of Mercenaries – soldiers from other lands paid to fight

What are some weapons Egyptians use in battle?

*Javelins – log spears for throwing distances

*daggers

*short curved swords

*protection – shield of rawhide, headgear from paddled caps

*Chariots have two soldiers on each one.

*One is a driver one is a archer

*the driver on a chariot whore leather and bronze helmet, leather armor

*the archer had a bow

What different jobs do Egyptian soldiers do outside of the military?

*during peacetime the Military did other jobs

*dig canals

*carry stone from desert to build a pharaoh’s tomb

Images

[Image] http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt.September 15,2015.Web.

[Image]http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/war.htm.September15, 2015.Web

Writing and Education
Pharaoh R-M

     What was it like to be a Scribe?

• Scribes were near the top of the social order
• Imhotep was trained as a scribe
  • Famous vizier to King Djoser
• Had authority to be government officials
• Did not pay taxes

Why were hieroglyphs an important writing system?

• Designed a complicated system of 700 signs
• Used as inscriptions on tombs, temples, palaces
• Hieratic – a form of script used for business and literature
• Some women learned to read and write

How did Scribes learn the hieroglyphic system?

• Schooling was very strict
• Students spent 4 years copying signs
• Wrote on clay tablets before allowed to use papyrus
• Papyrus was made from plant fibers
• Brushes were made from rope fibers

What were some duties of a Scribe?

• Priests supervised and taught scribes
• Could advance in social status under Scribe Supervisors
• Some famous scribes even considered as gods
• Horemheb – scribe who became a King

Image Sources:

[Image.]  http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html.  Sept. 12, 2012  Web.

[Image].  http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/egypt/literature/papyrus.htm.  Sept. 12, 2012  Web.